GPS

Control of Public Distribution System Using GPS, GIS, Remote Sensing With Data Mining & RFID

 

I.Introduction 
      Public distribution system (PDS), a major instrument of the Indian government’s economic policy, procures and distributes major commodities such as wheat, rice, sugar and kerosene to a large number of people living in India through Fair Price Shops (FPS). It also ensures the availability of food to the general public at affordable price. It helps in eradicating poverty and intends to serve as a safety net for the 330 million Indian poor people, who are nutritionally at risk. PDS is one of the largest supply chain networks in the world with 4.99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) and is operated under the joint responsibility of the central and the state government.      PDS supply chain consists of several central and state government bodies, private industries, farmers, warehouses and transportation agencies. Central and state government is responsible for procurement, storage, transportation and distribution of products. Though the PDS supply chain provides food to vast majority of the Indian population, we should accept the fact that the whole chain is exploited by mismanagement, corruption and anti-social elements.     Though enough produce are procured and distributed by PDS, the beneficiaries often find difficulties in getting what they are entitled to. This mismanagement and corruption is the indicator of inefficiency in PDS supply chain and distribution systems. In order to overcome these deficiency, in this paper we have suggested a model using GPS, GIS, Spatial data mining techniques & RFID [1, 7, 14]. The use of these technologies could help PDS to curtail.   II.Technologies     

A. Global Positioning System (GPS) GPS, short for Global Positioning System, is a means for locating any point on the earth[13]. It has many uses; navigation, surveying, Vehicle Tracking, hiking and outdoor recreation just to name a few. In the 1970s the Department of Defense (DoD) conceived the idea of GPS. It was born from a need to accurately determine the position of ballistic missile submarines prior to launching missiles. All the old methods of determining position had their flaws. Those methods were affected by atmospheric conditions, limited in range, subject to enemy jamming, or degraded by interference.The Gps System is made of 24 NAVSTAR satellites and five ground stations. The ground stations are responsible for keeping the satellites in precise orbit. The DoD placed each of the 24 satellites in a precise orbit at an altitude of 10,900 miles. Each satellite weighs two tons, is 18.5 feet long, and orbits the earth in a little less than 12 hours. FIG: 1 shows the working of GPS.     

B. A Geographic Information System (GIS)  It is a tool that uses the power of the computer to pose and answer geographic questions. The user guides the program to arrange and display data about places on the planet in a variety of ways – including maps, charts and tables. The hardware and software allows the users to see and interact with data in new ways by blending electronic maps and databases to generate color-coded displays. Users can zoom in and out of maps freely; add layers of new data, and study detail and relationships [12, 13]. 

 C. Remote sensing It is the science and art of obtaining information about a phenomenon without being in contact with it[12]. Remote sensing deals with the detection and measurement of phenomena with devices sensitive to electromagnetic energy such as: Light (cameras and scanners) Heat (thermal scanners) Radio Waves (radar).
GIS and remote sensing both are correlated to each other. Without remote sensing, GIS is nothing because GIS used Remote sensing data. In GIS, there are two uses of use of remote sensing data; as classified data and as image data.  Remote Sensing is defined as the science and technology by which the characteristics of objects of interest can be identified, measured or analyzed the characteristics without direct contact.
        Electro-magnetic radiation, which is reflected or emitted from an object, is the usual source of remote sensing data. However any media such as gravity or magnetic fields can be utilized in remote sensing. A device to detect the electro-magnetic radiation reflected or emitted from an object is called a “remote sensor” or “sensor”. Cameras or scanners are examples of remote sensors. A vehicle to carry the sensor is called a “platform”. Aircraft or satellites are used as platforms. 
 D.Spatial data mining   The remote sensing concept is illustrated in figure 2 where three different objects are measured by a sensor in a limited number of bands with respect to their, electro-magnetic Spatial data mining, i.e., extracting useful information from huge amounts of data, is highly relevant to applications in which the tremendous data volumes are involved [1], thus exceeding human analytical capabilities. Data mining is no longer restricted to the relational databases alone. Spatial data mining is proving to be a promising technique, and holds the key to solving several challenging issues concerning spatial databases [2]. Data Mining offers intelligent functionalities and works well with complicated algorithms, such as, neural networks, rule induction, decision trees, and genetic algorithms and constantly updates its models based on self-learning[10]. Some of the widely accepted and applied methodologies of spatial data mining include Association Rules, Characteristic Rules, Discriminated Rules, Classification, Clustering and Trend Detection [11].The following sentences briefly illustrate the aforesaid data mining methodologies. 1. Association Rules: The notion of association rules was put forward by Agrawal etal. [1993] in a study of mining large transaction databases. The structure of an association rule is: A B(c %), where A and B are predicate sets and c% is the confidence level. For instance, an example association rule is: If the city is large, the probability of its being near to a river is 80%. 2. Characteristic Rules: These are rules concerning the characteristics of the mined objects and these are rules formulated by specialists and may not be completely appropriate. An example of a characteristic rule is: A bridge is an object that is present at the location where a road crosses a river. 3. Discriminatory Rules: These are rules that aim to differentiate between groups of objects by finding features that are close to one cluster and far-off from another. Such a rule is applied to find the differences between cities with high and low unemployment rates. 4. Classification rules: These rules classify a pixel into one of the given set of classes, e. g. water, field, forest. IF population of city = high AND economic power of city = high THEN unemployment of city is classified as” low”. 5. Clustering: Clustering involves grouping pixels into similarity classes based on spectral characteristics. An example is to find clusters of cities with similar levels of unemployment [3]. 6. Trend Detection: Trend detection refers to looking for similarity in prototype among the mined objects. An example of trend detection may be as follows: when moving away from Brno, the unemployment rate increases. 7. Sequential Pattern: These are used to detect sequences of events or values, such as stock and share values, business transactions etc. we can use  Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection in moving objects. Using this model object trajectories are expressed using discrete pattern fragments called motifs [15, 16]. Associated features are extracted to form a hierarchical feature space, which facilitates a multi-resolution view of the data. We can develop a general-purpose, rule based classifier which explores the structured feature space and learns effective rules at multiple levels of granularity. Compared to related work in classification or clustering of moving objects, Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection in moving objects incorporates a fuller feature space and examines more than just trajectories [17, 18]. At a high level, Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection in moving objects presents three novel features. 1. Motif-based feature space: Instead of modeling whole trajectories, we partition them into fragments (motifs) and construct a multi-dimensional feature space oriented on the motifs with associated attributes [15]. 2. Automated hierarchy extraction: By examining he patterns in the trajectories, we automatically derive hierarchies in the feature space. This yields a multi-resolution view of the data [15]. 3. Hierarchical rule-based classifier: We develop a rule-based classifier which explores the hierarchical feature space and finds the effective regions for classification [16]. The problem of anomaly detection in moving object data is defined as follows. The input data is a set of labeled trajectories: D = {(t1, c1), (t2, c2), . . .}, where ti is a trajectory and ci is the associated class label. A trajectory1 is a sequence of spatiotemporal records of a moving object, in GPS records. Each record has the geographic location as well as a timestamp, and records can be made at arbitrary time intervals. The set of possible class labels is C = {c1, c2,  .}. In simple anomaly detection, there could just be two classes: cnormal and cabnormal.To learn a function f which maps trajectories to class labels: f(t) ! c 2 C. f should be consistent with D as well as future trajectories not in D[18]. In other words, we want to learn a model which can classify trajectories as being normal or abnormal.  E. RFID System  Most RFID systems consist of tags that are attached to the objects to be identified [8]. Each tag has its own “read-only” or “rewrite” internal memory depending on the type and application. Typical configuration of this memory is to store product information, such as an object’s unique ID manufactured date, etc. The RFID reader generates magnetic fields that enable the RFID system to locate objects [4,5 ] (via the tags) that are within its range. The high-frequency electromagnetic energy and query signal generated by the reader triggers the tags to reply to the query; the query frequency could be up to 50 times per second.  As a result communication between the main components of the system i.e. tags and reader is established. As a result large quantities of data are generated.  The RFID system consists of various components which are integrated in a manner defined in the above section. This allows the RFID system to deduct the objects (tag) and perform various operations on it. The integration of RFID components enables the implementation of an RFID solution[ 9] . Fig:2               The RFID system consists of following five components Tag (attached with an object, unique identification).• Antenna (tag detector, creates magnetic field). • Reader (receiver of tag information, manipulator). • Communication infrastructure (enable reader/RFID to work through IT infrastructure). • Application software (user database/application/ interface). 

   III. PROPOSED MODEL    Our proposed model is designed to satisfy the requirement of PDS using GPS, GIS, Remote Sensing Method with RFID & data mining approach.Fig:3 1. The data of the product is stored in the tag which will be attached to the product (eg: when the grain was harvested and procured, how long the grain was kept in warehouse, packaging and transportation details and point of sale information).2. GPS is used to track the product. RFID is used to Communication between tagged objects and GPS [6], to ascertain and communicate current position and status of the product.3. Data sent to servers on a regular basis, or when the object moves or upon request Satellite data coming from the networks captured at SDC. It is an interface capable of capturing information flowing from (such as network card on a machine) satellite.4. Rule- and Motif-based Anomaly Detection is used to track moving objects [15,16].The raw data storage store collected network data. Typically, it is a set of hard drives where an application dumps information passing through the SDC, usually according to some requirement.The Pre-processor handles the conversion of raw image or connection data image into a format that mining algorithms utilize and may store the result in the knowledge base. It can perform a range of duties, such as additional filtering, noise elimination, and include third party detection tool that recognize known disaster pattern of track.

The knowledge base stores rule produced by mining and any additional information used in the mining process [16]. It may also hold the information for the per-processor, such as patterns for recognizing attack and conversion templates.

The profiler is responsible for generating snapshot rule sets to be used for deviation analysis [2,3]. It can be triggered automatically based on time of day or the amount of pre-processed data available.

The deviation analyzer examines rule sets in the knowledge base and creates a description of difference by meta-learning [3]. The results are stored in the knowledge base for further reference. If necessary, it signals the alarm generator. A strategy for invoking the deviation analyzer could be periodic queries to the knowledge base for the availability of new profile. Alternatively, the profiler may signal the analyzer when new profile is deposited to the knowledge base.

The alarm generator is responsible for notifying the administrator when the deviation analyzer reports unusual pattern in the movement of product.

   IV.CONCLUSION    The effective use and implementation of RFID, GPS & data mining techniques in PDS can facilitate PDS supply chain and promise eradicating mismanagement, corruption, trafficking, theft and anti social elements. RFID provides highly accurate and detailed information by capturing the data and information at each stage of the supply chain, automatically. It also improves the safety and efficiency of the food supply chain. Locationing technology GPS can also be combined with RFID technology to automatically track and record the information regarding the field where the produce was picked, when and where it was transported and the current location of the produce. This also helps in reducing theft and trafficking. Data mining techniques based on the rule base classification model is used to identify the suspicious moving behavior of the objects. 

V.REFERENCES

[1] Ester M., Kriegel H.-P., Sander J.: Spatial Data Mining: A Database Approach, Proc. 5th Int. Symposium on Large Spatial Databases (SSD’97), Berlin, Germany, 1997, pp. 47-66. [2] Ester M., Gundlach S., Kriegel H.-P.,   Sander J.: Database Primitives for Spatial Data Mining, Proc. 8. GI-Fachtagung Datenbanksysteme in Büro, Technik und Wissenschaft (BTW’99) (Int. Conf. on Databases in Office, Engineering and Science), Freiburg, Germany, 1999, pp. 137-150. [3] Ester M., Kriegel H.-P., Sander J.: Knowledge Discovery in Spatial Databases, invited paper at 23rd German Conf. on Artificial Intelligence (KI ’99), Bonn, Germany, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1701, 1999, pp. 61-74. [4] J. Bohn, “Prototypical implementation of location-aware services based on a middleware architecture for super-distributed RFID tag infrastructures”, Pers Ubiquit omputing, (2008) Journal 12:155-166.  [5] J. Schwieren1, G. Vossen, “A Design and Development Methodology for Mobile RFID Applications based on the ID-Services Middleware Architecture”, IEEE Computer Society, (2009), Tenth International Conference on Mobile Data Management: Systems, Service and Middleware.  [6] K. Ahsan, H. Shah, P. Kingston, “Context Based Knowledge Management in Healthcare: An EA Approach”, AMCIS 2009, Available at AIS library.  [7] S. Garfinkel, B. Rosenberg, “RFID Application, Security, and Privacy”, USA, (2005), ISBN: 0-321-29096-8.  [8] L. Srivastava, RFID: Technology, Applications and Policy Implications, Presentation, International Telecommunication Union, Kenya, (2005).  [9] Application Notes, “Introduction to RFID Technology” CAENRFID: The Art of Identification (2008).  [10] Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber, “Data Mining Concept and Techniques”       Morgan Kaufmann Publisheres 2001  [11] Michael J.A.Berry, and Gordon S. Linoff, “Data Mining Techniques: for           marketing, sales, and customer          support”. Taiwan: SuperPoll.net, Inc. January  [12] He-Hai Wu, Jian-Ya Gong, “Geographic Information Systems Spatial Data Structure and Process Technology”. China: Surveying and Drawing Publisheres , April 1997. ISBN 7-5030-0937-3  [13] Peng Hu, Xing-Yuan Huang, Yi-Xin Hua, “Geographic Information SystemsCourse”. China: Wuhan University Publisheres , February 2002. ISBN  [14] H. Cao and O. Wolfson. Nonmaterialized motion information in transport networks. In ICDT’05.  [15] B. Chiu, E. Keogh, and S. Lonardi. Probabilistic discovery of time series motifs. In KDD’03.  [16]  Fran¸cois Denis. Pac learning from positive statistical queries. In ALT’98.  [17]  L. Forlizzi, R. H. G¨uting, E. Nardelli, and M. Schneider. A data model and data structures for moving objects databases. In SIGMOD’00.  [18] S. Gaffney and P. Smyth. Trajectory clustering with mixtures of regression models. In KDD’99.              

 

 

About the Author

Ms.S.Ranjithakumari & Kathiresan.V,

Assistant Professor,School of Computer Studies,

RVS CAS,SULUR-402,

TAMILNADU

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SPOT Personal GPS Messenger $169.99 The SPOT Satellite GPS Messenger is a handheld satellite communication and safety device that transmits your GPS location to friends, family, co-workers or an international rescue coordination centre and works beyond cellular coverage. Safety and peace of mind at the push of a button. Features Lightweight and small enough to fit in your pocket, making it easy to take with you anywhere Waterproof up to to 30 minutes under 1 metre of water 911, Track Progress, Check-In, and HELP modes allow you to specify exactly what type of communication you want to establish 1-year warranty Equipped with two notification LED’s and five function buttons, SPOT transmits messages based on varying levels of need to a series of up to ten designated email addresses and/or mobile phones via SMS, or to a worldwide emergency service centre. All signals include detailed GPS coordinates using Google Maps. Active outdoor enthusiasts such as hikers, boaters, pilots, ATV and snowmobile riders, cyclists, remote workers and travelers use SPOT for its ruggedness and compact size, weight and ease-of-use. It is also a must have for families on-the-go or anyone who spends time in areas with unreliable cellular service. UPC: 893049001219 Manufacturer’s Part Number: 20204L

Handheld Dual Band GSM + GPS Remote Personal Position Tracker $78.33 - Built-in SIRF StarIII Chipset, excellent for fixing the position even at a weak signal status.- Built-in GSM/GPRS module, supports 2-frequency GSM 900/1800 MHz, working in Europe (not in America).- Supports voice call.- Supports SMS communication or GPRS TCP connection.- Gets the position information via mobile phone SMS, or examine the path on the Internet.- The available SMS takes the control command change tracing function or switch GPS.- Supports establishes three telephone numbers. SOS button send out exact location for immediate rescue/action.- Portable, compact size, low power design.- Application Fields:- Handheld portable products.- Monitor and protect child, elder, disabled and can be used for physical distribution and inspect official occasions.- Based on GSM network and Internet, this series of products provide personalized services for companies, organizations and individuals.- Package List:- Bluetooth GPS Receiver- 1280mAh Li-ion rechargeable battery- DC adapter- USB charging cable- User’s Manual CDSpecificationsDimensions: 3.78 in x 1.89 in x 0.87 inWeight: 10.48 oz

Garmin 010-10369-03 Alphanumeric Remote Control $52.95 “Garmin Remote Control (010-10369-03) Brand New Includes One Year Warranty, Garmin Alphanumeric Remote Control for Select GPS Units, Allows Copilots / Backseat Drivers to Control System, For Garmin GPS Models: StreetPilot: 2720, 2730, 2820, 7200, 7500″

Garmin 010-00872-00 Garmin GA 30 New Passive Marine GPS Antenna $61.95 “Garmin Remote GPS Antenna (010-00872-00) Brand New Includes One Year Warranty, The Garmin Remote GPS Antenna (GA 30) is a replacement for the GA 29 GPS Antenna. This unit is waterproof and can be mounted in three ways, by surface, pole, or under-deck. Included is all the mounting brackets, hardware, and installation instructions you will need to operate your antenna. Garmin Remote GPS Antenna Features: GA 30 Remote GPS Antenna -Receive GPS Signals when Mounting GPS Unit Below Deck, Includes 30ft of Cable & BNC Connector -Can be Mounted on Surface, Pole, or Under-Deck, For Garmin GPS Models: AIS: 600, GPS: 152, GPSMAP: 420/420s, 421/421s, 430/430s, 431/431s, 440/440s, 441/441s, 520/520s, 521/521s, 525/525s, 526/526s, 530/530s, 531/531s, 535/535s, 536/536s, 540/540s, 541/541s, 545/545s, 546/546s”

Remote Sensing and Gis (Paperback) $51.14 Beginning with the history and basic concepts of remote sensing and GIS, the book gives an exhaustive coverage of optical, thermal and microwave remote sensing, global navigation satellite systems (such as GPS), digital photogrammetry, visual image analysis, digital image processing, spatial and attribute data model, geospatial analysis, and planning, implementation and management of GIS. It also presents the modern trends of remote sensing and GIS with an illustrated discussion on its numerous applications. The appendices provide the prerequisites required for understanding remote sensing and GIS technology.

A-GPS $103.55 Written for researchers and engineers in the field of geographic positioning systems (GPS), this textbook explores the assisted GPS (A-GPS) technologies that have expanded rapidly in consumer markets in recent years. Van Diggelen is a technical director f

TrackPro – Mini Global GPS Tracker CVHN-TR02 $68.99 “If you want to have a personal GPS tracker device to get your position, or for easy tracking your kids, the old, or even your pets, this Mini Global GPS Tracker comes to be what you need!This mini GPS tracker with messaging is a personal remote positioning device with built-in GPS and GSM technology in compact size. It can transmit the longitude and latitude coordinates to your cell phone. Then you can find the step of your object on the internet or on the Google Earth. Small in size, the global GPS tracker is easy to take with you. Adopt high technology, and made of high quality material, this mini GPS tracker is reliable for long time use.Wildly used, powerful in function, how can you miss the global GPS tracker!”

BlackBerry Mobile GPS Tracker $40 Discreetly Runs In The Background Without Affecting Phone Performance Employers Can Use Existing BlackBerry / SmartPhone To Track Employee Location Easily Download Directly From Phone Panic Button For Emergency Situations Remotely & Invisibly Deploy To 1000′s Of Phones* Complete History & Reporting GeoFence Safety Zone Alerts Doesn’t Affect Functionality Of Your BlackBerry or SmartPhone *Please Note: that if you want to remotely deploy Executrac on multiple phones at once- you would have to purchase a server. Computer Interface Screen One Fast Download Is All It Takes To Turn Your Phone Into A GPS Tracker The Executrac Mobile GPS Tracker is an advanced software program that turns a company owned BlackBerry into a GPS tracking beacon. Helping employers monitor employee productivity and locate employees no matter where they are in the world. This program is quickly and easily downloaded onto your existing BlackBerry or smart phone directly from the phone itself. City Map Computer Interface Easily Monitor All Your Devices You must have a Blackberry Enterprise Server to use the Push Technology. The Executrac Mobile GPS Tracker program runs invisibly in the background and does not change or affect the phone’s voice or e-mail functionality. Using less than 15% of the BlackBerry’s battery over a 24 hour period, an employee will never be tipped off to the fact that their BlackBerry is doing double duty as a GPS Tracker. Through the web-based mapping platform, accessible from any computer or cell phone with Internet connection, you will easily be able to view and track your mobile work force. Additionally, your employees will feel safe and secure without the burden of carrying a second device or changing their daily routine. Quickly Locate Employees No Matter Where They Are In The World Once this program is downloaded onto your existing BlackBerry, you can easily locate employees no matter where they are in the world. Whether it’s a business trip in Asia or South America, you’ll be connected to your employees 24/7 in real-time. Panic Button For Emergency Situations Alerts Anyone You Trust Remote Employees Take Advantage Of Freedom Costing Companies Billions   Wirelessly Deploy To Thousands Of BlackBerrys – Save Company Time & Money With a fast download or “push installation,” employers can deploy The Executrac to thousands of company owned BlackBerrys completely wirelessly and without any intervention by the user. With the fast wireless installation, it only takes one IT admin to deploy The Executrac, rather than dozens of IT admins working for weeks. Your company will save time, money, and man hours. Executives & Journalists Can Send An Instant Distress Signal w/ Custom Panic Button Transform your BlackBerry into a GPS Tracker with emergency panic button . Pressing this button sends an automatic e-mail alert or text message to any e-mail address for a fast emergency response. View historical location data as far as five years back fo

GPS Tracker with SMS Message $111.24 SMS Message GPS Tracker – with this handy little device you’ll be able to track and object or yourself from a remote location using ordinary GSM SMS messages.The small lightweight device houses a SIM card and battery, and is able to be used anywhere you have GSM and GPS coverage. During a quick and painless setup process you’ll be able to set the time of tracking refreshes as well as the remote phone the device will keep in contact with. After setup it’s as simple as asking the GPS device to start tracking or just for a single location result, you can even use contact the tracker with voice and whoever has the tracker can reply using the built in microphone. The SMS given to you from the tracker shows location, speed and the date with time. Suitable uses include asset protection, plotting routes and keeping track of children. A very unique product that is sure to do well in your drop shipping e-store or retail shop, secure your sample today and get tracking tomorrow!At a Glance…GPS Tracker SMS text message tracking Small and compact for hiding or low profile installationsGood for asset protection and similar tracking needsNOTE: This GSM product is compatible with the two frequencies of 900MHz, 1800MHz. It can be used in the EU and similar dual band regions. It will not work in North America. GSM Frequency Information This Cell Phone works with the following GSM Frequencies: 900 + 1800 MHz Please check that the local cell network matches the phone’s GSM standard. Click here to view your regions cell phone network.

Mini Realtime Personal GPS Tracker System $64.59 “This Tracker provides peace of mind by showing you with your mobile phone or PC the location of your targets via SMS or GPRS!If you want to have a personal GPS tracker device to get your position, or for easy tracking your kids, the old, or even your pets, this mini GPS tracker comes to be what you need!This Mini Realtime Personal GPS Tracker System is a personal remote positioning device in compact size. It can transmit the longitude and latitude coordinates to your cell phone by the SMS. Then you can find the step of your object on the internet or on the Google Earth. Small in size, the mini GPS tracker is easy to take with you. Adopt high technology, and made of high quality material, this mini GPS tracker is reliable for long time use.Wildly used, powerful in function, how can you miss the Realtime GPS Tracker device!”

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